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Since they provides you with a space to put text or whatever HTML you please, they can be used in very interesting ways.

Preface This book provides a conceptual and technical introduction to the field of Linked Data. It is intended for anyone who cares about data — using it, managing it, sharing it, interacting with it — and is passionate about the Web.

We think this will include data geeks, managers and owners of data sets, system implementors and Web developers. We hope that students and teachers of information management and computer science will find the book a suitable reference point for courses that explore topics in Web development and data management.

Established practitioners of Linked Data will find in this book a distillation of much of their knowledge and experience, and a reference work that can bring this to all those who follow in their footsteps.

Chapter 2 introduces the basic principles and terminology of Linked Data. Chapter 3 provides a 30, ft view of the Web of Data that has arisen from the publication of large volumes of Linked Data on the Web. Chapter 4 discusses the primary design considerations that must be taken into account when preparing to publish Linked Data, covering topics such as choosing and using URIs, describing things using RDF, data licensing and waivers, and linking data to external data sets.

Chapter 5 introduces a number of recipes that highlight the wide variety of approaches that can be adopted to publish Linked Data, while Chapter 6 describes deployed Linked Data applications and examines their architecture. We would like to thank the series editors Jim Hendler and Frank van Harmelen for giving us the opportunity and the impetus to write this book.

Summarizing the state of the art in Linked Data was a job that needed doing — we are glad they asked us. Lastly, we would like to thank the developers of LaTeX and Subversion, without which this exercise in remote, collaborative authoring would not have been possible.

Increasing numbers of individuals and organizations are contributing to this deluge by choosing to share their data with others, including Web-native companies such as Amazon and Yahoo! Third parties, in turn, are consuming this data to build new businesses, streamline online commerce, accelerate scientific progress, and enhance the democratic process.

In doing so they have created a highly successful ecosystem of affiliates 2 who build micro-businesses, based on driving transactions to Amazon sites. Search engines such as Google and Yahoo! Users and online retailers benefit through enhanced user experience and higher transaction rates, while the search engines need expend fewer resources on extracting structured data from plain HTML pages.

Innovation in disciplines such as Life Sciences requires the world-wide exchange of research data between scientists, as demonstrated by the progress resulting from cooperative initiatives such as the Human Genome Project. The availability of data about the political process, such as members of parliament, voting records, and transcripts of debates, has enabled the organisation mySociety 3 to create services such as TheyWorkForYou 4through which voters can readily assess the performance of elected representatives.

The strength and diversity of the ecosystems that have evolved in these cases demonstrates a previously unrecognised, and certainly unfulfilled, demand for access to data, and that those organizations and individuals who choose to share data stand to benefit from the emergence of these ecosystems.

This raises three key questions: How best to provide access to data so it can be most easily reused? How to enable the discovery of relevant data within the multitude of available data sets?

How to enable applications to integrate data from large numbers of formerly unknown data sources? Just as the World Wide Web has revolutionized the way we connect and consume documents, so can it revolutionize the way we discover, access, integrate and use data. The Web is the ideal medium to enable these processes, due to its ubiquity, its distributed and scalable nature, and its mature, well-understood technology stack.

The topic of this book is on how a set of principles and technologies, known as Linked Data, harnesses the ethos and infrastructure of the Web to enable data sharing and reuse on a massive scale.

The more regular and well-defined the structure of the data the more easily people can create tools to reliably process it for reuse. While most Web sites have some degree of structure, the language in which they are created, HTML, is oriented towards structuring textual documents rather than data.

As data is intermingled into the surrounding text, it is hard for software applications to extract snippets of structured data from HTML pages.

To address this issue, a variety of microformats 5 have been invented. Microformats can be used to published structured data describing specific types of entities, such as people and organizations, events, reviews and ratings, through embedding of data in HTML pages.

As microformats tightly specify how to embed data, applications can unambiguously extract the data from the pages.Abstract. The World Wide Web has enabled the creation of a global information space comprising linked documents. As the Web becomes ever more enmeshed with our daily lives, there is a growing desire for direct access to raw data not currently available on the Web or bound up in hypertext documents.

HTML5 is more than just the doctype at the beginning of your document. It includes several new elements we can use to make our layout more efficient and easier to style. The browser handles these elements in special ways to provide improved functionality, which eliminates the need for extra tags and offers the overall benefit of streamlined, .

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Arduino /* Blink Turns on an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly. This example code is in the public domain. */ // Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards. // give it a name: int led = 13; // the setup routine runs once when you press reset: void setup() { // .